Signs a loved one may need help with alcohol or drugs

Addiction rarely announces itself. More often, families notice a slow build-up of small changes that are easy to explain away one at a time.

Missing work or school, unexplained money problems, secrecy about where they've been, new friends and dropped old ones, changes in sleep or appetite, and mood swings that seem out of proportion.

Physical signs can include red eyes, shaking hands in the morning, weight changes, or smelling of alcohol at unusual times.

Choose a calm, private moment when they are sober. Speak about specific things you've seen and how they made you feel, rather than labels like “addict” or “alcoholic”.

Expect denial the first time — that's normal. Let them know that help is available and that you'll support them when they're ready. Family therapy can help you look after yourself in the meantime.